Given these uncertainties predictions of the hoop stress from internal operating pressures that may cause the pipe wall to yield are calculated using formulas validated by millions of miles of pipe operated within design limits without incident.
For U.S. gas and hazardous liquid pipelines the formula for predicting the pressure that may cause an area of the pipe wall to yield is Barlow’s formula: P=2t(SMYS)/D
For operating at temperatures higher than 250°f the yield pressure is reduced by a fraction “T” that varies by temperatures above 250.
For butt welded API 5L pipe the yield pressure is reduced by longitudinal joint factor “E” of .6.
The formulas for predicting the pressure pipe may burst or leak are not utilized in the design of gas or hazardous liquid pipelines.